CJO - Abstract - Ten years of adaptive community-governed conservation: evaluating biodiversity protection and poverty alleviation in a West African hippopotamus reserve

CJO - Abstract - Ten years of adaptive community-governed conservation: evaluating biodiversity protection and poverty alleviation in a West African hippopotamus reserve: "SUMMARYCommunity-based natural resource management has been accused of failing on social, economic or ecological grounds. Balanced assessments are rare, however, particularly in West Africa. This paper examines the first 10 years of Ghana's Wechiau Community Hippo Sanctuary using an evaluation framework that considers socioeconomic and ecological outcomes, as well as resilience mechanisms. Building upon traditional taboos against the killing of hippopotami, this initiative has attempted to conserve an imperilled large mammal, protect biodiversity and alleviate abject poverty amidst a bush meat crisis and complex ethnic diversity. Findings show that the Sanctuary has improved local livelihoods by spurring economic diversification and infrastructure development rates 2-8 times higher than in surrounding communities. Simultaneously, threats to biodiversity have subsided, hippopotamus numbers have remained stable and the Sanctuary's riparian habitats now harbour more bird species than comparable areas nearby. Improved social capital, true empowerment, an equitable distribution of benefits, ecological awareness among children and support for the Sanctuary, even amongst community members who were disadvantaged by its creation, speak to good long-term prospects."

Scopus preview - Scopus - Document details

Scopus preview - Scopus - Document details: Stationarity is dead"- Long live transformation: Five principles for climate change adaptation law "While there is no question that successful mitigation strategies remain critical in the quest to avoid worst-case climate change scenarios, we have passed the point where mitigation efforts alone can deal with the problems that climate change is creating. Because of 'committed' warming climate change that will occur regardless of mitigation measures, a result of the already-accumulated greenhouse gases in the atmosphere - what happens to coupled socio-ecological systems over the next decades, and most likely over the next few centuries, will largely be beyond human control. The time to start preparing for these changes is now, by making adaptation part of a national climate change policy. American environmental law and policy are not keeping up with the need for adaptation. For example, environmental and natural resources law are currently based on assumptions of ecological stationarity and pursue goals of preservation and restoration. Neither those assumptions nor those goals fit a world of continual, unpredictable, and nonlinear transformations of complex ecosystems - but that is the world that climate change is creating."

Scopus preview - Scopus - Document details

Scopus preview - Scopus - Document details: "Social and Natural sciences have, for the most part, ignored the existence of interlinked/interdependent evolutionary processes between cultural and biotic systems, both embedded in an overall dynamic biophysical environment. In this paper, we explore the potential of filling this gap by further developing a common coevolutionary framework based on earlier work in ecological economics. Our main concern is to contribute to the understanding of socioecological coevolution in two ways: (1) to find a general framework that accommodates advances in the explanation of sociocultural evolution in social sciences and, (2) to identify the specific mechanisms that could link this knowledge to what is known in the biological sciences"

Sustainable co-evolution - International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology

Sustainable co-evolution - International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology: "Abstract
Humankind is dependent upon Earth's ecological life support system, whose well-being, in turn, depends upon the practices of human society. The health of both systems requires harmonious, mutualistic interactions between them. Because of its population size and demographic distribution (increasingly urbanized), humankind is also dependent upon its technological life support system, which, as currently managed, threatens the ecological life support system. A fundamental difference exists between the two systems—humankind is capable of using intelligence and reason to regulate its activities but the 30 million other life forms that comprise the ecological life support system cannot. As a consequence, empathy for the other system is the responsibility of human society. Sustainable co-evolution requires that human society has a high level of ecological literacy and acts in a nurturing, compassionate way toward the other system"

Collective Action and Adaptive Socioecological Cycles in Premodern States — Cross-Cultural Research

Collective Action and Adaptive Socioecological Cycles in Premodern States — Cross-Cultural Research: "Resiliency theorists propose that ecological transformations result when ecosystems collapse and then are reorganized through a process they call adaptive cycles. This article investigates the degree to which the dynamic properties of adaptive cycles reflect, in part, the influence of political factors associated with collective action in state formation."

SpringerLink -

SpringerLink -: "The effects of socioecological transformations such as climate change, the collapse of the Soviet empire, and civil war are examined for 14 villages in the valleys of the Pamir Mountains in the historical Badakhshan region, now divided between Afghanistan and Tajikistan. Preliminary findings indicate concern for food sovereignty, evidence of biocultural impacts of climate change, an increasing burden on women, debilitating opium addiction, the ecological importance of sacred sites, and other priorities related to sustainable livelihoods, such as energy needs (for fuel and lighting) and physical and social infrastructure in the form of roads and schools"

Ecological Habitus:Toward a Better Understanding of Socioecological Relations — Organization Environment

Ecological Habitus:Toward a Better Understanding of Socioecological Relations — Organization Environment: "There is a clear need to better understand the interdependent relationships between people and the biophysical world. Social science research is essential for such efforts but is not yet widely viewed as relevant to ecological research. Impeding its advancement in this direction are the characteristics of a modern Western worldview exhibited by, and problematic for, much of social scientific research, especially emphases on mechanism, dualism, and prediction."

allAfrica.com: East Africa: Why Our National Parks Have Become Dinosaurs

allAfrica.com: East Africa: Why Our National Parks Have Become Dinosaurs: "A study published in the Journal of Zoology in 2008, revealed that the numbers of six major ungulates in the Maasai Mara National Reserve declined markedly and persistently between 1989 and 2003."

Some Guiding Concepts for Conservation Biology - LINDENMAYER - 2010 - Conservation Biology - Wiley Online Library

Some Guiding Concepts for Conservation Biology - LINDENMAYER - 2010 - Conservation Biology - Wiley Online Library: "Abstract: The search for generalities in ecology has often been thwarted by contingency and ecological complexity that limit the development of predictive rules. We present a set of concepts that we believe succinctly expresses some of the fundamental ideas in conservation biology. (1) Successful conservation management requires explicit goals and objectives. (2) The overall goal of biodiversity management will usually be to maintain or restore biodiversity, not to maximize species richness. (3) A holistic approach is needed to solve conservation problems. (4) Diverse approaches to management can provide diverse environmental conditions and mitigate risk. (5) Using nature's template is important for guiding conservation management, but it is not a panacea. (6) Focusing on causes not symptoms enhances efficacy and efficiency of conservation actions. (7) Every species and ecosystem is unique, to some degree. (8) Threshold responses are important but not ubiquitous. (9) Multiple stressors often exert critical effects on species and ecosystems. (10) Human values are variable and dynamic and significantly shape conservation efforts. We believe most conservation biologists will broadly agree these concepts are important."

Costs of Integrating Economics and Conservation Planning - ARPONEN - 2010 - Conservation Biology - Wiley Online Library

Costs of Integrating Economics and Conservation Planning - ARPONEN - 2010 - Conservation Biology - Wiley Online Library: "Abstract: Recent literature on systematic conservation planning has focused strongly on economics. It is a necessary component of efficient conservation planning because the question is about effective resource allocation. Nevertheless, there is an increasing tendency toward economic factors overriding biological considerations. Focusing too narrowly on economic cost may lead us back toward solutions resembling those obtained by opportunistic choice of areas, the avoidance of which was the motivation for development of systematic approaches. Moreover, there are many overlooked difficulties in incorporating economic considerations reliably into conservation planning because available economic data and the free market are complex"

Growing Civil Society / Indiana University Press

Growing Civil Society / Indiana University Press: "Growing Civil Society investigates the role of voluntary action and nonprofit organization in contemporary America. Key to the book is the concept of 'third space,' which provides an important tool for the construction of civil society. The third space is not independent from society's major institutions, but exists in dynamic interdependence with them, linking individuals in their home bases of family and community to the larger governmental and economic structures within which all citizens, workers, and consumers learn to find their way in modern society."

'Hunting for Conservation' Backfires - ScienceNOW

'Hunting for Conservation' Backfires - ScienceNOW: "Now the lion population has dwindled to less than a tenth of that. In the 1980s and 1990s, African nations started to think an old practice might hold the solution to saving the lion: trophy hunting. They hoped that by allowing rich game-chasers to shoot a few animals, landowners would have an incentive to conserve lion habitats and keep the species alive while boosting their local economies. In the meantime, it became conventional wisdom to blame the decline on factors such as conversion of lion habitat for agriculture, disease, and killings by locals upset over lion attacks on people or livestock. But the newest research, to be published in an upcoming issue of Conservation Biology, shows that at least in Tanzania—home to more lions than any other country—that isn’t the case."

Wageningen UR - Wageningen University - Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group

Wageningen UR - Wageningen University - Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group: "Living with biodiversity: people, knowledge, politics International symposium, Leiden, The Netherlands
Naturalis, The Dutch Natural History Museum
Wednesday 22 –Thursday 23 September 2010"

eBooks.com - Games, Groups, and the Global Good eBook

eBooks.com - Games, Groups, and the Global Good eBook: "How do groups form, how do institutions come into being, and when do moral norms and practices emerge? This volume explores how game-theoretic approaches can be extended to consider broader questions that cross scales of organization, from individuals to cooperatives to societies. Game theory' strategic formulation of central problems in the analysis of social interactions is used to develop multi-level theories that examine the interplay between individuals and the collectives they form. The concept of cooperation is examined at a higher level than that usually addressed by game theory, especially focusing on the formation of groups and the role of social norms in maintaining their integrity, with positive and negative implications. The authors suggest that conventional analyses need to be broadened to explain how heuristics, like concepts of fairness, arise and become formalized into the ethical principles embraced by a society."

BioMed Analysis: Supporting community healthcare - SciDev.Net

BioMed Analysis: Supporting community healthcare - SciDev.Net: "Developing countries must recognise the value of community healthcare and provide clearer ethical guidelines for practice, says Priya Shetty.

Translating ivory-tower academic research into workable practices on the ground in developing countries is tricky. Health workers on the frontlines of medical care and disease prevention often face huge problems, such as drug shortages, outdated medical equipment, and unreliable transport for traversing remote or hostile terrain."

BBC News - Kenya makes massive seizure of ivory and rhino horns

BBC News - Kenya makes massive seizure of ivory and rhino horns: "Some two tonnes of ivory and five rhino horns have been seized in Kenya's main airport inside boxes labelled as avocados to be exported to Malaysia.

The haul at Nairobi's international airport is believed to be the biggest of its kind in Kenya for several years."

New Public Road to Split the Serengeti?

New Public Road to Split the Serengeti?: "The Tanzanian government is moving forward with plans to build a public road through Serengeti National Park, despite conservationists' concerns that commercial traffic will disrupt the annual wildebeest migration and allow poachers better access into the park.

During the migration, more than a million wildebeest follow a circular path through the Serengeti and up into Maasai Mara National Reserve in Kenya, chasing grass and water as the seasons change. (Watch video previews of Great Migrations, a new series airing soon on the National Geographic Channel.)

'Creating a commercial road through such a natural environment—where millions of wildebeest migrate annually—will be an intrusion in the natural habitat, so much so that the level of stress [among the animals] will be tremendous,' said Steven Kiruswa, the Maasai Steppe Heartland Director at the African Wildlife Foundation."

PLoS ONE: Livelihood Diversification in Tropical Coastal Communities: A Network-Based Approach to Analyzing ‘Livelihood Landscapes’

PLoS ONE: Livelihood Diversification in Tropical Coastal Communities: A Network-Based Approach to Analyzing ‘Livelihood Landscapes’: "Diverse livelihood portfolios are frequently viewed as a critical component of household economies in developing countries. Within the context of natural resources governance in particular, the capacity of individual households to engage in multiple occupations has been shown to influence important issues such as whether fishers would exit a declining fishery, how people react to policy, the types of resource management systems that may be applicable, and other decisions about natural resource use."

The East African: �- News�|Serengeti highway to go ahead — Kikwete

The East African: �- News�|Serengeti highway to go ahead — Kikwete: "The international green activists’ campaign against construction of a highway in the Serengeti National Park has suffered a major blow — the head of state says the project will go on.

President Jakaya Kikwete, for the first time, said Tanzania would not stop the construction of a commercial highway linking Arusha and Musoma town through Serengeti National Park."

Complexities of conflict: the importance of considering social factors for effectively resolving human–wildlife conflict - Dickman - 2010 - Animal Conservation - Wiley Online Library

Complexities of conflict: the importance of considering social factors for effectively resolving human–wildlife conflict - Dickman - 2010 - Animal Conservation - Wiley Online Library: "Human–wildlife conflict is one of the most critical threats facing many wildlife species today, and the topic is receiving increasing attention from conservation biologists. Direct wildlife damage is commonly cited as the main driver of conflict, and many tools exist for reducing such damage. However, significant conflict often remains even after damage has been reduced, suggesting that conflict requires novel, comprehensive approaches for long-term resolution. Although most mitigation studies investigate only the technical aspects of conflict reduction, peoples' attitudes towards wildlife are complex, with social factors as diverse as religious affiliation, ethnicity and cultural beliefs all shaping conflict intensity. Moreover, human–wildlife conflicts are often manifestations of underlying human–human conflicts, such as between authorities and local people, or between people of different cultural backgrounds."

The Standard | Online Edition :: Time up for land grabbers and encroachers

The Standard | Online Edition :: Time up for land grabbers and encroachers: "The government intends to evacuate 17 wetlands, hilltops and water catchment areas encroached by human settlement and private developers.

But no time frame was given when the government issued the decree On Wednesday in parliament.

The last mass evacuation of illegal settlers from the Mau water catchment sparked an outcry from a section of Kalenjin MPs who accused the government of victimising their people but an assistant minister now says the new constitution enhances the government's hand to reclaim forests, wetlands, swamps and other water catchment areas in public interest."

A Canada-Africa Research and Learning Alliance

A Canada-Africa Research and Learning Alliance: "�Protected Areas and Poverty Reduction: A Canada-Africa Research and Learning Alliance website!�� This partnership brings together universities, non-governmental agencies, government agencies, and communities across Canada, Ghana and Tanzania.� It aims to address challenges of reducing rural poverty and ensuring environmental sustainability by focusing on protected areas and their adjacent communities in the three countries.�"

African researchers connect with local community

African researchers connect with local community: "The Canada-Africa Research and Learning Alliance hosted a group of international researchers this past weekend in Tofino as part of a cultural exchange focused on eco-tourism and community sustainability.

'It's about the cultural experience,' said Canadian Community Coordinator Jennifer Schofield. 'Exposing them to protected areas in Canada, seeing how things are set up, especially the tourism because they have these amazing parks in Ghana that are fairly inaccessible both financially and physically.'

The research project involved three countries; Canada, Tanzania and Ghana."

News - Tanzania’s Serengeti Highway plan could destroy major carbon sink - The Ecologist

News - Tanzania’s Serengeti Highway plan could destroy major carbon sink - The Ecologist: "The 480-kilometre road will link the Lake Victoria area with eastern Tanzania and, according to the Tanzanian government, bring essential economic development to the region - linking remote communities to the major road network, allowing transport of people and goods and connecting farmers with markets.

However the project has attracted criticism from environmental groups which fear the effects on the ecosystem could be devastating and may even result in huge releases of carbon into the atmosphere."

Aga Khan: “Islam does not deal in dichotomies but in all encompassing unity” � Ismailimail

Aga Khan: “Islam does not deal in dichotomies but in all encompassing unity” � Ismailimail: "Islam does not deal in dichotomies but in all encompassing unity. Spirit and body are one, man and nature are one."

Ecometrics: The traits that bind the past and present together - ERONEN - 2010 - Integrative Zoology - Wiley Online Library

Ecometrics: The traits that bind the past and present together - ERONEN - 2010 - Integrative Zoology - Wiley Online Library: "We outline here an approach for understanding the biology of climate change, one that integrates data at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Taxon-free trait analysis, or “ecometrics,” is based on the idea that the distribution in a community of ecomorphological traits such as tooth structure, limb proportions, body mass, leaf shape, incubation temperature, claw shape, any aspect of anatomy or physiology can be measured across some subset of the organisms in a community. Regardless of temporal or spatial scale, traits are the means by which organisms interact with their environment, biotic and abiotic."

Termite-induced heterogeneity in African savanna vegetation: mechanisms and patterns - Sileshi - 2010 - Journal of Vegetation Science - Wiley Online Library

Termite-induced heterogeneity in African savanna vegetation: mechanisms and patterns - Sileshi - 2010 - Journal of Vegetation Science - Wiley Online Library: "The review provided evidence for termite-induced heterogeneity in floristic composition and vegetation patterning in savannas across Africa. Termites induced vegetation heterogeneity directly or indirectly through their nest-building and foraging activities, associated nutrient cycling and their interaction with mammalian herbivores and fire. The literature reviewed indicated that termite mounds essentially act as islands of fertility, which are responsible for ecosystem-level spatial heterogeneity in savannas. This was supported by the meta-analysis, which demonstrated that mounds of Ancistrotermes, Macrotermes, Odontotermes (family Macrotermitinae), Cubitermes (family Termitinae) and Trinervitermes (Nasutitermitinae) are significantly enriched in clay (75%), carbon (16%), total nitrogen (42%), calcium (232%), potassium (306%) and magnesium (154%) compared to the surrounding savanna soil."

Predator–prey size relationships in an African large-mammal food web - Owen-Smith - 2007 - Journal of Animal Ecology - Wiley Online Library

Predator–prey size relationships in an African large-mammal food web - Owen-Smith - 2007 - Journal of Animal Ecology - Wiley Online Library: "Size relationships are central in structuring trophic linkages within food webs, leading to suggestions that the dietary niche of smaller carnivores is nested within that of larger species. However, past analyses have not taken into account the differing selection shown by carnivores for specific size ranges of prey, nor the extent to which the greater carcass mass of larger prey outweighs the greater numerical representation of smaller prey species in the predator diet. Furthermore, the top-down impact that predation has on prey abundance cannot be assessed simply in terms of the number of predator species involved."

Comparative changes in adult vs. juvenile survival affecting population trends of African ungulates - OWEN-SMITH - 2005 - Journal of Animal Ecology - Wiley Online Library

Comparative changes in adult vs. juvenile survival affecting population trends of African ungulates - OWEN-SMITH - 2005 - Journal of Animal Ecology - Wiley Online Library: "Among large mammalian herbivores, juvenile survival tends to vary widely and may thus have a greater influence on population dynamics than the relatively constant survival rates typical of adults. However, previous studies yielding stage-specific survival rates have been mostly on temperate zone ungulates and in environments lacking large predators. Annual censuses coupled with assessments of population structure enabled annual survival rates to be estimated for the juvenile, yearling and adult segments of nine ungulate species in South Africa's Kruger National Park. Four of these populations persisted at high abundance after initial increases (zebra, wildebeest, impala and giraffe), while five showed progressive declines during the latter part of the study period (kudu, waterbuck, warthog, sable antelope and tsessebe)."

Bottom-up and top-down processes in African ungulate communities: resources and predation acting on the relative abundance of zebra and grazing bovids - Grange - 2006 - Ecography - Wiley Online Library

Bottom-up and top-down processes in African ungulate communities: resources and predation acting on the relative abundance of zebra and grazing bovids - Grange - 2006 - Ecography - Wiley Online Library: "African ungulate populations appear to be limited principally by their food resources. Within ungulate communities, plains zebras coexist with grazing bovids of similar body size, but rarely are the dominant species. Given the highly effective nutritional strategy of the equids and the resistance of zebras to drought, this is unexpected and suggests that zebra populations may commonly be limited by other mechanisms. Long-term research in the Serengeti ecosystem and in the Kruger National Park suggests that zebra could be less sensitive to food shortage, and more sensitive to predation, than grazing bovids: if this is a general principle, then, at a larger scale, resource availability should have a weaker effect on the abundance of zebra than on grazing ruminants of similar body size (wildebeest and buffalo), and zebras should be relatively more abundant in ecosystems where predators are rare or absent."

Correlates of survival rates for 10 African ungulate populations: density, rainfall and predation - OWEN-SMITH - 2005 - Journal of Animal Ecology - Wiley Online Library

Correlates of survival rates for 10 African ungulate populations: density, rainfall and predation - OWEN-SMITH - 2005 - Journal of Animal Ecology - Wiley Online Library: "Through reconciling census totals with population structure, annual survival rates were estimated for the juvenile, yearling and adult stages of 10 ungulate species over 14�years or longer in South Africa's Kruger National Park. During this period four species maintained high abundance levels, while six species declined progressively in abundance.
Multiple regression models fitted to these estimates indicated that juvenile survival was sensitive to annual variability in rainfall for most of these species, especially in the dry season component, but with no density feedback apparent. Rainfall components affected adult survival in several of the declining species, while negative density dependence in adult survival was evident for three of the four species that maintained high abundance. A negative effect of past prey availability, indexing putative changes in predator abundance, on adult survival was more strongly supported statistically among the declining species than the lagged effect of prior rainfall, potentially affecting herbaceous vegetation cover and composition."

Patterns of social grouping in ungulates of Tsavo National Park, Kenya - Leuthold - 2009 - Journal of Zoology - Wiley Online Library

Patterns of social grouping in ungulates of Tsavo National Park, Kenya - Leuthold - 2009 - Journal of Zoology - Wiley Online Library: "The paper presents data on group size frequencies and mean group sizes in 11 species of ungulates and, for seven of them, more detailed information on the composition of groups in Tsavo East National Park, Kenya. In several species, mean group size was higher in a part of the study area with more open vegetation"

Rainfall influences on ungulate population abundance in the Mara-Serengeti ecosystem - Ogutu - 2008 - Journal of Animal Ecology - Wiley Online Library

Rainfall influences on ungulate population abundance in the Mara-Serengeti ecosystem - Ogutu - 2008 - Journal of Animal Ecology - Wiley Online Library: "We report relationships between rainfall and changes in age- and sex-structured abundances of seven ungulate species monitored monthly for 15 years using vehicle ground counts in the Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya. Abundance showed strong and curvilinear relationships with current and cumulative rainfall, with older topi, Damaliscus korrigum (Ogilby); warthog, Phacochoerus aethiopicus (Pallas); waterbuck, Kobus ellipsyprimnus (Ogilby); and impala, Aepyceros melampus (Lichtenstein) responding to longer lags than younger animals, portraying carryover effects of prior habitat conditions."

Response of native ungulates to drought in semi-arid Kenyan rangeland - Augustine - 2010 - African Journal of Ecology - Wiley Online Library

Response of native ungulates to drought in semi-arid Kenyan rangeland - Augustine - 2010 - African Journal of Ecology - Wiley Online Library: "The distribution and abundance of native ungulates were measured on commercially managed, semi-arid rangeland in central Kenya over a 3-year period that encompassed severe drought and above-average rainfall. Native ungulate biomass density averaged 5282�kg�km−2 over the study and was dominated by elephant (Loxodonta africana), impala (Aepyceros melampus) and dik-dik (Madoqua kirkii). Biomass density of domestic cattle (Bos taurus) averaged 2280�kg�km−2 during the study. Responses of native ungulates to severe drought were variable. Impala densities were similar to or greater than densities for similar habitat in protected areas, and varied from 12 to 16�km−2 during and following the drought to 24–29�km−2 following above-average rainfall. Dik-dik densities were also greater than densities reported for protected areas and were surprisingly stable throughout the study despite the wide annual fluctuations in rainfall. Elephant migrated out of the region during drought but were present at high densities (2.9–5.2�km−2) during wet seasons,"

Evidence for top predator control of a grazing ecosystem - Frank - 2008 - Oikos - Wiley Online Library

Evidence for top predator control of a grazing ecosystem - Frank - 2008 - Oikos - Wiley Online Library: "The importance of top predators in controlling ecological processes in large, intact ecosystems is unclear. In grasslands that support abundant ungulates, top–down control by predators may be particularly important, because of the tight biogeochemical linkages of ungulate prey with plants and soil microbes."

Regulation of shrub dynamics by native browsing ungulates on East African rangeland - Augustine - 2004 - Journal of Applied Ecology - Wiley Online Library

Regulation of shrub dynamics by native browsing ungulates on East African rangeland - Augustine - 2004 - Journal of Applied Ecology - Wiley Online Library: "Herbivores, edaphic features and fire are primary factors regulating the balance between woody and herbaceous vegetation in savannas. Many observational studies have evaluated the potential effects of browsing herbivores on woody plant dynamics in African savannas"

The need for integrative approaches to understand and conserve migratory ungulates - Bolger - 2007 - Ecology Letters - Wiley Online Library

The need for integrative approaches to understand and conserve migratory ungulates - Bolger - 2007 - Ecology Letters - Wiley Online Library: "We review the literature on ungulate migration disruptions and find that for many species the disruption of migratory routes causes a rapid population collapse. Previous research has focused on the proximal ecological factors that might favour migration, particularly spatiotemporal variation in resources and predation. However, this does not provide an adequate basis for understanding and mitigating anthropogenic effects on migratory populations. Migration is a complex behaviour and we advocate an integrative approach that incorporates population dynamics, evolution, genetics, behaviour and physiology, and that borrows insights and approaches from research on other taxa."

Social Capital in Biodiversity Conservation and Management - PRETTY - 2004 - Conservation Biology - Wiley Online Library

Social Capital in Biodiversity Conservation and Management - PRETTY - 2004 - Conservation Biology - Wiley Online Library: "The knowledge and values of local communities are now being acknowledged as valuable for biodiversity conservation. Relationships of trust, reciprocity and exchange, common rules, norms and sanctions, and connectedness in groups are what make up social capital, which is a necessary resource for shaping individual action to achieve positive biodiversity outcomes."

Rethinking Community-Based Conservation - BERKES - 2004 - Conservation Biology - Wiley Online Library

Rethinking Community-Based Conservation - BERKES - 2004 - Conservation Biology - Wiley Online Library: "Community-based conservation (CBC) is based on the idea that if conservation and development could be simultaneously achieved, then the interests of both could be served. It has been controversial because community development objectives are not necessarily consistent with conservation objectives in a given case."

AFP: World's 103 wild mountain antelopes face extinction: Kenya

AFP: World's 103 wild mountain antelopes face extinction: Kenya: "NAIROBI — Wildlife officials in Kenya warned Thursday that an antelope species, whose entire global wild population of 103 exists only in the east African country, was on the verge of extinction.
Habitat loss, genetic factors, predation and disease were threatening to wipe out the mountain bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci), the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) said in a statement.
The elusive mountain bongo is the largest mountain antelope and weighs up to 300 kilogrammes (660 pounds). It has white stripes against a chestnut brown hide and both males and females have twisted horns."

allAfrica.com: Tanzania: Barclays Dishes Out 1.5 Billion for Charcoal Project

allAfrica.com: Tanzania: Barclays Dishes Out 1.5 Billion for Charcoal Project: "BARCLAYS Bank Tanzania Limited has dished out nearly 1.5bn/- projects for environmental charcoal production in collaboration with World Wildlife Fund (WWF) in Kisarawe and Rufiji districts."

Scientists Show Waves of Deforestation Across East Africa

Scientists Show Waves of Deforestation Across East Africa: "A new study co-authored by a World Wildlife Fund scientist documents waves of forest degradation advancing like ripples in a pond 75 miles across East Africa in just 14 years."

BBC News - Is Africa's wildlife being eaten to extinction?

BBC News - Is Africa's wildlife being eaten to extinction?: "According to the Bushmeat Crisis Task Force, the hunting of and trade in bushmeat represents 'the most significant immediate threat to the future of wildlife in Africa'."

Participatory wildlife surveys in communal lands: a case study from Simanjiro, Tanzania. Fortunata U. Msoffe. 2009; African Journal of Ecology - Wiley InterScience

Participatory wildlife surveys in communal lands: a case study from Simanjiro, Tanzania. Fortunata U. Msoffe. 2009; African Journal of Ecology - Wiley InterScience: "we assess the population density of migratory species in the Tarangire–Simanjiro Ecosystem by conducting a ground census using DISTANCE sampling."

Density dependence and population dynamics of black rhinos (Diceros bicornis michaeli) in Kenya's rhino sanctuaries. Benson Okita-Ouma. 2009; African Journal of Ecology - Wiley InterScience

Density dependence and population dynamics of black rhinos (Diceros bicornis michaeli) in Kenya's rhino sanctuaries. Benson Okita-Ouma. 2009; African Journal of Ecology - Wiley InterScience: "Density-dependent feedback mechanisms provide insights into the population dynamics and interactions of large herbivores with their ecosystem. Sex ratio also has particularly important implications for growth rates of many large mammal populations through its influence on reproductive potential. Therefore, the interrelationships between density-dependent factors, comprising density, sex ratio and underlying growth rates (r) were examined for the Eastern black rhino (Diceros bicornis michaeli) living in three rhino sanctuaries in Kenya using four population models."